Bridging Indigenous practices and neuroscience for inclusive architectural design

Authors

  • Stuti Sheth University of British Columbia
  • Dr Judy Illes

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.14288/cjur.v10i2.201081

Keywords:

neuroarchitecture, Indigenous practice, built environment, neurodivergence

Abstract

The built environment significantly shapes cognition, sensory processing, well-being, and the way that humans interact with one another. This research explores the intersection of the built environment, traditional and Indigenous architectural practices, and neuroscience as they apply to cognitive health and neurodivergent-friendly design. Drawing on four cultural traditions—Longhouses and other structures from Canada, Vastu Shastra from India, Feng Shui from China and the Te Aranga principles of New Zealand—the discussion synthesizes culturally sourced and peer-reviewed literature to examine how traditional design principles align with contemporary scientific perspectives. The review is structured into three sections: (1) an analysis of traditional architectural practices, (2) an evaluation of neuroscience findings on factors including natural light, spatial openness, and community spaces, and (3) an exploration of how built environments can better support neurodivergent individuals. Neuroethics provides the conceptual framework for this study, emphasizing the importance of pluralistic inquiry and the responsibility of designing pragmatic spaces that respect cognitive diversity and supportive built environments.

References

Abdel, H. (2022, July 5). School for Blind and Visually Impaired Children / sealab. ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/984721/school-for-blind-and-visually-impaired-children-sealab

Allen, J. G., MacNaughton, P., Satish, U., Santanam, S., Vallarino, J., & Spengler, J. D. (2016). Associations of cognitive function scores with carbon dioxide, ventilation, and volatile organic compound exposures in office workers: A controlled exposure study of green and conventional office environments. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(6), 805–812. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1510037

Auckland Design Manual. (n.d.). Te Aranga Principles. https://www.aucklanddesignmanual.co.nz/en/places-and-spaces/maori-design/te-aranga-principles.html

Auger, M. (2021). The strengths of our community and our culture. Turtle Island Journal of Indigenous Health, 1(2). https://doi.org/10.33137/tijih.v1i2.36046

Auro Realty. (2025, January 23). Vaastu Shastra: The science behind a perfect home. https://aurorealty.com/blog/vaastu-shastra-the-science-behind-a-perfect-home/

Azzazy, S., Ghaffarianhoseini, A., GhaffarianHoseini, A., Naismith, N., & Doborjeh, Z. (2020). A critical review on the impact of built environment on users’ measured brain activity. Architectural Science Review, 64(4), 319–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2020.1749980

Berry, R. M. (2022, May 11). A brief history of Māori Architecture. Applied Sustainability. https://appliedsustainability.substack.com/p/a-brief-history-of-maori-architecture

Black, M. H., McGarry, S., Churchill, L., D’Arcy, E., Dalgleish, J., Nash, I., Jones, A., Tse, T. Y., Gibson, J., Bölte, S., & Girdler, S. (2022). Considerations of the built environment for autistic individuals: A review of the literature. Autism, 26(8), 1904–1915. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221102753

Botha, M., Dibb, B., & Frost, D. M. (2022). ‘it’s being a part of a grand tradition, a grand counter-culture which involves communities’: A qualitative investigation of autistic community connectedness. Autism, 26(8), 2151–2164. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221080248

Boubekri, M., Lee, J., MacNaughton, P., Woo, M., Schuyler, L., Tinianov, B., & Satish, U. (2020). The impact of optimized daylight and views on the sleep duration and cognitive performance of office workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3219. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093219

Bower, I., Tucker, R., & Enticott, P. G. (2019). Impact of built environment design on emotion measured via neurophysiological correlates and subjective indicators: A systematic review. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 66, 101344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101344

Boys, J. (2022). Disability studies, neurodivergence and architecture. Developments in Neuroethics and Bioethics, 39–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.dnb.2022.08.012

Brown, D. (2017, June 15). Māori architecture – Whare Māori. Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. https://teara.govt.nz/en/maori-architecture-whare-maori

Chan, E. (2018). Neurodivergent themed neighbourhoods as a strategy to enhance the liveability of cities: The blueprint of an autism village, its benefits to neurotypical environments. Urban Science, 2(2), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci2020042

Cho, A., & Khare, S. (2025, February 2). What are the basic principles of Feng Shui? Everything you need to know. The Spruce. https://www.thespruce.com/what-is-feng-shui-1275060

Clarke, A., Boys, J., & Gardner, J. (2022). Neurodivergence and architecture. Academic Press.

Dahlstrom-Hakki, I., Alstad, Z., Asbell-Clarke, J., & Edwards, T. (2024). The impact of visual and auditory distractions on the performance of neurodiverse students in virtual reality (VR) environments. Virtual Reality, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-023-00933-6

Dance, A. (2017). The brain within buildings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(5), 785–787. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620658114

Dash, S., & Joshi, M. (2022). Redefining vastu shastra principles with reference to the contemporary architectural practices in India. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 349–358. https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.s08.048

Day, K., & Martel, A. (2024). Neurodiversity. In Candido, C., Durakovic, I., & Marzban, S. (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of High-Performance Workplaces (1st ed., pp. 148–159). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/oa-edit/10.1201/9781003328728-15/neurodiversity-kirsten-day-andrew-martel

Djebbara, Z., Jensen, O. B., Parada, F. J., & Gramann, K. (2022). Neuroscience and architecture: Modulating behavior through sensorimotor responses to the built environment. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 138, 104715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104715

Donovan, B. (2025, January 31). Feng Shui. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/art/fengshui

Dzulkifli, M.A., & Mustafar, M.F. The influence of colour on memory performance: A review. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 20(2), 3–9. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3743993/

Edward, M., & Harold, K. D. (2020, April). Architectural history of Indigenous peoples in Canada. The Canadian Encyclopedia. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/architectural-history-early-first-nations

Elliot, A. J., Maier, M. A., Moller, A. C., Friedman, R., & Meinhardt, J. (2007). Color and psychological functioning: The effect of red on performance attainment. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 136(1), 154–168. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.136.1.154

Farahar, C. (2022). Autistic identity, culture, community, and space for well-being. The Routledge International Handbook of Critical Autism Studies, 229–241. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003056577-23

Fu, Q. (2018). Communal space and depression: A structural-equation analysis of relational and psycho-spatial pathways. Health & Place, 53, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.06.007

Gonzalez, M. B., Sittner, K. J., & Walls, M. L. (2022). Cultural efficacy as a novel component of understanding linkages between culture and mental health in Indigenous communities. American Journal of Community Psychology, 70(1–2), 191–201. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12594

Greenwood, M., & Lindsay, N. M. (2019). A commentary on land, health, and Indigenous knowledge(s). Global Health Promotion, 26(3), 82–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757975919831262

Kamal, J. (2023, December 12). Feng Shui interior design principles. Sansa Interiors. https://www.sansainteriors.com/blog/feng-shui-principles-in-interior-design

Lamblin, M., Murawski, C., Whittle, S., & Fornito, A. (2017). Social connectedness, mental Health and the adolescent brain. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.010

Mallgrave, H. F., & Contandriopoulos, C. (2008). Architectural Theory, Volume 2: An Anthology from 1871 to 2005. Blackwell.

Maltsev, V. (2023). Investigating the influence of architectural environment in rehabilitation facilities on the psychological well-being of military personnel with PTSD symptoms. Current Problems of Architecture and Urban Planning, 67, 321–337. https://doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2023.67.321-337

MasterClass. (2022, August). Feng Shui basics: 4 principles of Feng Shui in home design. https://www.masterclass.com/articles/feng-shui

McDowell, N., & Budd, J. (2018). The perspectives of teachers and paraeducators on the relationship between classroom clutter and learning experiences for students with cerebral visual impairment. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 112(3), 248–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/0145482x1811200304

Milosz, M. (2025, January 23). From the archives: Indigenous architectures. Society for the Study of Architecture in Canada. https://canada-architecture.org/from-the-archives-Indigenous-architectures/

National Trust for Canada. (2019, March 21). Indigenous architecture in Canada: A step towards reconciliation. https://nationaltrustcanada.ca/online-stories/Indigenous-architecture-in-canada-a-step-towards-reconciliation

Patel, P. D. (2024). Scientific substantiation of Vastu Shastra. ITM Web of Conferences, 65, 02003. https://doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20246502003

Pineda, J. C., Kokubun, K., Ikaga, T., & Yamakawa, Y. (2021). Housing quality and behavior affect brain health and anxiety in healthy Japanese adults. Scientific Reports, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91363-4

Porter, B. (n.d.). Indigenous architecture in Canada: Preserving Heritage and Redefining Design. JennAir. https://www.jennair.ca/en_ca/disrupting-design/stories/Indigenous-architecture.html

Quesada-García, S., & Valero, P. (2017). Architecture as a creative practice for improving living conditions and social welfare for Alzheimer's patients. In Creative practices for improving health and social inclusion (pp. 185–197). Universidad de Sevilla.

Ribbe Kelso, L., Stockton, K., Mahendran, N., Brauer, S. G., & Rosbergen, I. (2023). The influence of communal spaces on patient activity in rehabilitation: A mixed methods study. Disability and Rehabilitation, 46(2), 309–321. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2022.2160834

Sarraf, M. (2024). Urban form for autism: the role of architectural design in the social life of autistic individuals. Leif Blomkvists Forskningsstiftelse. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1930426/FULLTEXT01.pdf

Snowshoe, A., Crooks, C. V., Tremblay, Paul. F., & Hinson, R. E. (2016). Cultural connectedness and its relation to mental wellness for First Nations Youth. Journal of Primary Prevention, 38(1–2), 67–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-016-0454-3

Staff, A. (2025, January 10). Vastu Shastra: Here’s how you can boost the positive energy in your home, according to experts. Architectural Digest India. https://www.architecturaldigest.in/content/vastu-shastra-25-tips-make-home-radiate-positive-energy/

Sukhera, J. (2022). Narrative reviews: Flexible, rigorous, and practical. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 14(4), 414–417. https://doi.org/10.4300/jgme-d-22-00480.1

Sztuka, I. M., Becker, M., & Kühn, S. (2025). Neural representations underlying psychological responses to natural and artificial features in indoor architecture. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 102553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2025.102553

Vandewalle, G., Maquet, P., & Dijk, D.-J. (2009). Light as a modulator of cognitive brain function. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(10), 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.07.004

Xia, G., Henry, P., Chen, Y., Queiroz, F., Westland, S., & Cheng, Q. (2023). The effects of colour attributes on cognitive performance and intellectual abilities in immersive virtual environments. Computers in Human Behavior, 148, 107853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107853

Xia, G., Henry, P., Li, M., Queiroz, F., Westland, S., & Yu, L. (2022). A comparative study of colour effects on cognitive performance in real-world and VR Environments. Brain Sciences, 12(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010031

Yi, Y. J., & Heidari Matin, N. (2025). Perception and experience of multisensory environments among neurodivergent people: Systematic review. Architectural Science Review, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/00038628.2025.2462569

Yin, J., Zhu, S., MacNaughton, P., Allen, J. G., & Spengler, J. D. (2018). Physiological and cognitive performance of exposure to biophilic indoor environment. Building and Environment, 132, 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.01.006

Zazzi, H., & Faragher, R. (2018). ‘Visual clutter’ in the classroom: Voices of students with autism spectrum disorder. International Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 64(3), 212–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/20473869.2018.1468619

Zhang, T., Liu, J., Chen, H., & Ng, M. K. (2022). The associations of communal space with sense of place and mental health in public housing: Evidence from Guangzhou and Hong Kong. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 16178. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316178

Published

2026-05-27

Issue

Section

Articles